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Research article

Asian elephant Elephas maximus habitat use and ranging in fragmented rainforest and plantations in the Anamalai Hills, India [ 143-158 ]

M. Ananda Kumar, Divya Mudappa, T. R. Shankar Raman

Abstract
The persistence of wide-ranging mammals such as Asian elephants in fragmented landscapes requires extending conservation efforts into human-dominated landscapes around protected areas. Understanding how elephants use such landscapes may help facilitate their movements and reduce conflict incidence. We studied elephants’ use of fragmented habitats and ranging patterns of focal herds in a landscape of rainforest fragments embedded in tea, coffee, and Eucalyptus plantations in the Anamalai Hills. Elephant herds entering this landscape were tracked daily between April 2002 and March 2006, resulting in 985 GPS locations of herds obtained across six major habitats. Natural vegetation in rainforest fragments and riparian habitats, despite low coverage in the landscape, was preferred by elephants during the day. At night, elephants preferred riparian vegetation, avoided other habitats such as swamps and settlements, while the remaining habitats were used proportional to availability. Use of rainforest fragments and riparian vegetation increased over three years of study with a corresponding decline in the use of tea monoculture. Among plantation habitats, coffee, and Eucalyptus were used significantly more during wet and dry seasons, respectively. The concentration of elephants along a major riparian system in the center of the landscape emphasized the role of water and food availability in habitat use during the dry season. Protection of rainforest fragments, secondary vegetation along rivers, and regulated and sequential felling (instead of clear-felling) of Eucalyptus along elephant movement routes will help retain forage, cover, and passage routes of elephant herds and may reduce direct human-elephant encounters in such fragmented landscapes.


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    English: The Asian elephant, a charismatic large mammal and cultural icon, is a wide-ranging species threatened by fragmentation of their habitats in many Asian countries. As habitats shrink and fragment, elephants are forced to range into human-modified areas including crop fields, plantations, and settlements, raising the potential for conflicts with people. Understanding how elephants use habitats outside protected areas and move through human use areas is critical to promote strategies for human-elephant coexistence in such altered landscapes. In this study from the Valparai plateau in the Anamalai Hills of southern India, scientists followed movements of elephant herds through a landscape dominated by tea, coffee, and Eucalyptus plantations, interspersed with natural vegetation in the form of rainforest fragments and riparian vegetation. Although, these natural vegetation remnants occupied a small fraction of the landscape, elephants strongly preferred riparian vegetation and rainforest fragments and avoided large tracts of tea monoculture and other habitats such as swamps and settlements, particularly during the day. At night, elephants moved through tea between natural refuges but still showed preference for riverine vegetation and avoidance of other habitats including human habitation. Coffee and Eucalyptus were important plantation habitats used by elephants in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The concentration of herds along a major river course in the plateau suggests the critical influence that water and forage have on elephant ranging pattern. The study indicates that protection remnant natural and riparian vegetation, restoring habitat connectivity, and regulations on felling of Eucalyptus plantations would help facilitate elephant movements while minimizing conflicts from direct encounters between human and elephants in such fragmented tropical landscapes.

    Español: El elefante Asiático es una mamífero silvestre carismático y un símbolo cultural en la India. Asimismo, es una especie de requerimientos de área amplios y debido a esto, sus poblaciones están amenazadas por la fragmentación de su hábitat por la actividad humana. A medida que los hábitats de los elefantes se contraen, esto se ven forzados cada vez más a desplazarse a través de áreas de uso por los humanos, tales como campos agrícolas, plantaciones y asentamientos, generándose así un conflicto con la gente. En vista de esto y con la meta de mejorar el entendimiento de la conducta de los elefantes en estos ambiente, Kumar y coautores investigaron como usan los elefantes las tierras de paisajes que están afuera de las áreas naturales protegidas, en donde también viven. El estudio se llevo a cabo en la planicie de Valparai en las colinas de Anamalai en el sur de la India y consistió en seguir a las manadas de elefantes a través de un paisaje dominado por plantaciones de té, café y Eucaliptos. También presentes en dicho paisaje se presentan algunos fragmentos de selva y vegetación riparia a lo largo de ríos. Los autores descubrieron que los elefante mostraban una marcada preferencia por la vegetación riparia y por los fragmentos de selva, evitando los monocultivos de te y otros hábitats como pantanos y asentamientos humanos. Las plantaciones de café y Eucaliptos también parecen ser importantes para los elefantes, La distribución de estos hábitats parece determinar los movimientos de las manadas. Los autores concluyen que la protección de fragmentos de selva y de la vegetación riparia, junto con el restablecimiento de la conectividad entre estos hábitats, podrían ayudar a facilitar los desplazamientos de los elefantes en el paisaje antropogénico, minimizando los conflictos con la gente.

    Português: O elefante asiático, um grande mamífero carismático e ícone cultural é uma espécie de grande área de uso, ameaçada pela fragmentação dos seus habitats em muitos países asiáticos. Como os habitats encolhem e se fragmentam, elefantes são forçados a viverem em áreas modificadas pelo homem incluindo lavouras, plantações, e assentamentos, aumentando o potencial para conflitos com pessoas. O entendimento de como os elefantes usam os habitats fora das áreas protegidas e se movem através de áreas de uso humano é crítico para promover estratégias para a coexistência homem-elefante nessas paisagens alteradas. Nesse estudo do platô de Valparai nas montanhas Anamalai do sul da Índia, cientistas seguiram os movimentos de manadas de elefantes em paisagens dominadas por chá, café, e plantações de Eucalyptus, intercaladas com vegetação natural na forma de fragmentos de mata e vegetação riparia. Apesar de esses remanescentes de vegetação natural terem ocupado uma pequena fração da paisagem, elefantes tem forte preferência por vegetação riparia e fragmentos de mata e evitaram grandes porções de monocultura de chá e outros habitats como brejos e assentamentos, particularmente durante o dia. De noite, elefantes se movem através do chá, entre refúgios naturais, mas ainda mostram preferência por vegetação ribeirinha e evitam outros habitats incluindo habitações humanas. Café e Eucalyptus são importantes habitats de plantação utilizados pelos elefantes na estação chuvosa e seca, respectivamente. A concentração de manadas ao longo do curso do rio principal no platô sugere a crítica influência que a água e forragem têm no padrão de movimentação do elefante. O estudo indicou que a proteção dos remanescentes naturais e vegetation ripária, restaurando a conectividade do habitat, e regulamentação no corte de plantações de Eucalyptus irão facilitar os movimentos dos elefantes enquanto minimizam conflitos do encontro direto entre humanos e elefantes nessa paisagem tropical fragmentada.

    Français: L’éléphant d’Asie, grand mammifère charismatique et icône culturelle, est une espèce à vaste domaine vital menacée par la fragmentation de son habitat dans beaucoup de pays asiatiques. Comme les habitats se rétrécissent et se fragmentent, les éléphants sont forcés d’investir les aires modifiées par l’homme, y compris les cultures, les plantations et les installations, ce qui fait surgir de potentiels conflits avec les hommes. Comprendre comment les éléphants utilisent leur habitat et comment ils se déplacent à travers des surfaces utilisées par l’homme, est essentiel pour promouvoir des stratégies de coexistence homme/éléphant dans ces paysages altérés. Dans cette étude du plateau de Valparai dans les Collines d’Anamalai au Sud de l’Inde, les scientifiques ont suivis les mouvements des hordes d’éléphants à travers un paysage dominé par des plantations de thé, de café et d’Eucalyptus, entrecoupé de végétation naturelle sous forme de forêt tropicale fragmentée et de végétation riparienne. Même si ce vestige de végétation naturelle occupe une petite partie du paysage, les éléphants préfèrent fortement la végétation riparienne et la forêt tropicale humide et évitent les larges étendus de monoculture de thé, et les autres habitats comme les marécages et les installations humaines, particulièrement pendant la journée. La nuit, les éléphants se déplacent à travers les plantations de thé situées au milieu de leurs refuges naturels, mais, encore une fois, ils montrent une préférence pour la végétation riparienne et évitent les autres habitats y compris les zones d’habitations humaines. Les plantations de café et d’Eucalyptus sont utilisées de façon importante par les éléphants comme habitat respectivement durant la saison humide et la saison sèche. La concentration des hordes le long du cours d’eau principal suggère l’influence cruciale que l’eau et le fourrage ont sur le mode de répartition des éléphants. L’étude indique que la protection des vestiges de végétation naturelle et de végétation riparienne, la restauration de connexions entre les habitats et des régulations sur la coupe des plantations d’Eucalyptus aideraient à faciliter les déplacements des éléphants tout en minimisant les conflits provenant des rencontres directes entre hommes et éléphants dans ces paysages tropicaux fragmentés.
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   Tropical Conservation Science is an open-access e-journal that publishes research relating to conservation of tropical forests and other tropical ecosystems.

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