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Research article

Sustainable utilization of mangroves using improved fish-smoking systems: a management perspective from the Douala-Edea wildlife reserve, Cameroon [ 450-468 ]

Njisuh Z. Feka, George B. Chuyong, Gordon N. Ajonina

Abstract
Fuel wood extraction for commercial fish smoking is the most pervasive threat to the sustainability of mangrove ecosystems in the Douala-Edea Wildlife Reserve (DEWR) of Cameroon and most West-Central African coastal states. The high rates of fuel-wood consumption are associated with fish smoking in this region and are chiefly the result of low fuel efficiency systems. In this study, we investigated the relative efficiency of two fish-smoking systems with respect to fuel wood consumption and time required for fish smoking in the DEWR. Using socio-economic and forest surveys in three villages, where mangrove wood is harvested and used, we established that the annual fuel-wood off-take was about 42,839 cubic meters. In addition, most of the wood is used for fish smoking in the Traditional Smoke System (TSS) method, which was assessed to be 70% less efficient than the Improved Smoke System (Eeyed/CWCS). The Eeyed/CWCS consumed on average 50% less wood than the TSS, and reduced fish-smoking time by up-to 65% relative to the TSS. This comparative advantage offers opportunities for reducing the incidence of smoke-related diseases in women and children–most of them involved in the smoking process—by reducing the time spent smoking fish and saving money from avoided additional wood consumption. However, these benefits can only be achieved through the successful introduction of the Eeyed/CWCS. This will require a broad range of sensitization, capacity enhancement, and further research on adapting the current model to local conditions of the area.


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    English: Fuel wood extraction for commercial fish-smoking (FS) is the most pervasive threat to the sustainability of mangrove ecosystems in the Douala-Edea Wildlife Reserve (DEWR), Cameroon, and most West-Central African coastal states. This high rate of fuel wood exploitation is the result of enhanced wood consumption systems used for fish smoking in this region. In order to reduce this current trend of excessive wood consumption, we advocate for the introduction of the Eeyed/CWCS improved fish smoke system (ISS) in the coastal cities of Cameroon and beyond. The use of Traditional Smoke System (TSS) might be the principal cause of the current excessive exploitation of mangrove wood in most of the coastal fishing cities of the region. This is because this study reveals the relative fuel wood saving economy of the ISS over TSS under use in the region. If successfully introduced in the region, ISS will contribute to reducing fishing household’s mangrove wood consumption by 60% per year. This implies that, by accepting this system each of these households will contribute to conserving about 0.60% ha of mangrove per year, improve working conditions for women and children and alleviate poverty as additional money for wood purchase will be saved.

    Español: Los manglares son una fuente de vida para miles de comunidades costeras en paises tropicales en el mundo. Estas comunidades tradicionalmente cosechas peces, crustáceos, productos no maderable, maderas y leña de estos ecosistemas. Bajo esta premisa, Feka y colaboradores, señalan que la extracción de madera para ahumar el pescado en escala comercial es uno de los factores mas importantes amenazando la persistencia de los manglares en Camerún. Los autores notan que una manera de reducir el consumo de leña proveniente del manglar y mejorar la calidad de vida de la gente, es introducir sistemas más eficientes de consumo de leña. Por medio de reconocimientos socioeconómicos y de los manglares en tres comunidades humanas ubicadas en las costa Atlántica de Camerún, los autores probaron la eficiencia de sistemas mejorados de consumo de leña y lo compararon con los sistemas tradicionales usados en las tres comunidades. Así, encontraron que los primeros reducen hasta en un 60% el consumo de leña proveniente del manglar para el proceso de ahumado del pescado. Los autores señalan que aparte de permitir un manejo mas sustentable del manglar y un mayor bienestar para las personas, los sistemas mejorados también reducen la emisión de gases a la atmosfera como resultado del menor consumo de madera.

    Français: L'exploitation du bois de chauffe pour le fumage du poisson est la menace la plus répandue pour la durabilité de l’écosystème du palétuvier dans la Réserve de Faune Douala-Edea (RFDE) au Cameroun et les pays côtiers de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et de l’Afrique Centrale. Ces taux élevés de bois de feu résultent d’une consommation accrue de bois par les systèmes de fumage traditionnel (SFT) utilisés pour fumer le poisson dans cette région. Afin de réduire cette tendance à la consommation excessive de bois, nous préconisons l'introduction du système amélioré de fumer le poisson (Eeyed/CWCS) dans les villes côtières du Cameroun et au-delà. L'utilisation du système de fumage traditionnel pourrait être la cause principale de la surexploitation actuelle de bois de palétuvier dans la plupart des villes côtières de pêche de la région. Relativement à la consommation de bois de feu, cette étude montre que le Système Amélioré (SAS) a une efficacité supérieure au SFT utilisé dans la région. S’il est introduit avec succès dans la région, le système amélioré contribuera à réduire la consommation de bois de palétuvier dans les ménages de pêche de l’ordre de 60 % par an. Cela implique que, en acceptant ce système, chaque ménage contribuera à : préserver environ 0.60 % ha de palétuviers par an, améliorer les conditions de travail des femmes et des enfants et réduire la pauvreté, car l'argent supplémentaire pour l'achat de bois sera économisé et utilisé pour d’autres besoins.

    Português: Manguezais são fontes de subsistência para milhares de comunidades costeiras nos países tropicais do mundo, que tradicionalmente pescam, camarão, produtos florestais não madeireiros, madeira, e combustível à lenha delas. No seu artigo, Feka et al assinalam que extração de lenha para defumação comercial de peixes é uma das ameaças mais importantes para a sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas de mangues no Camarão. Esses autores indicam que uma abordagem para reduzir o consumo de combustível a lenha e melhorar as condições de trabalho para as pessoas é introduzindo sistemas melhorados de consumo de combustível. Utilizando pesquisas florestais e sócio-econômicas em três aldeias na costa Atlântica do Camarão, onde a madeira do manguezal é explorada e utilizada para defumação de peixes, os autores documentam que melhorar os sistemas de consumo de madeira combustível comparados ao sistema de consumo de madeira combustível tradicional irá reduzir o consumo de lenha do manguezal para a defumação de peixes em cerca de 60%. Os autores argumentam que além do sustento dos manguezais e melhoria na saúde da população local, melhorar o sistema de consumo de combustível a lenha também pode ajudar na redução de emissão de gases de efeito estufa, pela redução do consumo de biomassa vegetal extra.


    Translation to French by Clément Lermyte, Spanish by Alejandro Estrada, Portuguese by Marina Lapenta

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   Tropical Conservation Science is an open-access e-journal that publishes research relating to conservation of tropical forests and other tropical ecosystems.

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