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Research Article

A multi-scale geospatial study of wetlands distribution and agricultural zones, and the case of India [ 344-360 ]

Nidhi Nagabhatla, Rohan Wickramasuriya, Narendra Prasad and C. Max Finlayson

Abstract
This paper highlights the global and the regional scale representation of wetlands ecosystems using geospatial tools and multiple data sets. At global scale, the Ramsar database is investigated for representation of the wetlands sites of international importance against the “global agricultural zones” derived from the thematic aggregation of Global Irrigated Area Map databases. The analysis of “Ramsar sites” under cultivation reflects the present trend in wetlands use for agriculture. The scenario is also compared with the historical pattern derived from Vavilov’s food zones of 1926. Observed is an aggregate increase in cropped wetlands area from 25% (1926) to 43% (2006). The second component develops a regional partnership with Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History in India. The partnership reviews the thematic national database of inland wetlands and “priority wetlands habitats” (PWH) in comparison with the bio-geographic and agro-ecological factors (regions/sub-regions) and by means of geographical information system (GIS) tools. We elaborate the strength of spatial tools to better understand the relationship between wetlands distribution and agricultural zones, both historically and at the present time. The disseminated message states, though from a technical perspective, the understanding of scale and resolution in combining information from diverse sources is essential; the effective implementation of spatial analysis requires a true cross-disciplinary approach. Complementing that, relevant policy support and appropriate institutional arrangements are fundamental to advance the management work required for unification of wetlands conservation with the existing challenges of food and livelihood security.


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General interest summaries (when available)
    English: Wetlands are vital ecosystems with a number of beneficial functions to the society. Agriculture and fisheries have been recognized as being among the most significant. No one categorically knows the true extent of wetlands loss and risks they are subjected to, as there are several knowledge gaps. Update knowledge databases complimented with scientific analysis that reflect past and current trend of wetland use and also illustrates divers of wetland loss and degradation is central to foster adeptness and equity in addressing wetland management issues. The integration of data collected at different source is an attempt to refine and validate the information derived using earth observation satellite data and geographic information tools. A synoptic overview of the wetland landscape in current and historical times derived from multiple data sets help to understand the change in wetland systems driven by changes in land cover use. Understanding and documenting cross disciplinary investigation for wetlands ecosystems opens new vistas and offers new insights to address new challenges both in wetland management and conservation planning. The present study address the dynamics of wetlands ecosystem using a geo-spatial medium to detect environmental change and establish links between wetland, agriculture and biodiversity and their interdependence at multiple levels. The study highlights spatial analysis as a diagnostic tool for wetland assessment, inventory and change detection, while laying equal emphasis on the understanding of vertical and horizontal interaction among communities, institutions and polices that will govern the effective implantation of spatial outputs.

    Español: Los humedales tropicales son ecosistemas con una fuerte aportación de beneficios para la sociedad. Entre estos están las actividades agrícolas y de pesca. Sin embargo, hasta ahora, realmente se conoce poco como ha cambiado la distribución de estos ecosistemas como resultado de la acción humana y sobre los riesgos a que están sujetos. En este caso, el uso de técnicas geo-espaciales – imágenes satelitales y uso de sistemas de información geográfica - puede ayudar a refinar y validar la información sobre el estado de pérdida de los humedales a nivel global y regional. Nuestro estudio enfatiza el uso de información geo-espacial para detectar cambios en la distribución de humedales asociados a la producción agrícola, con la meta de calibrar el significado de estos para la conservación de estos ecosistemas y de su biodiversidad. Aplicamos este principio para revisar a nivel global la distribución de actividad agrícola en humedales y a nivel regional aplicamos el enfoque al caso de la India.

    Português: Apesar de ser uma prática comum seguida pelas pesquisas de conservação em muitas regiões tropicais do mundo, avaliar o valor do habitat e da biodiversidade, a incorporação de parâmetros sócio-econômicos que são reflexos da dependência da sobrevivência foi um pouco limitada. À luz disso, Nagabhatla e co-autores argumentam que o uso de dados geoespaciais tem sido comprovado como uma ferramenta muito útil para monitorar mudanças na cobertura da vegetação em todo o planeta, tanto causadas pela atividade humana quanto por eventos naturais. Duas questões conceituais-chave abraçam sua pesquisa “Re-investigar as atividades de agricultura como uma ameaça futura à identidade dos ecossistemas úmidos? Ou vamos tentar equilibrar o potencial produtivo da cultura (productividade) do sistema enquanto conservamos as caracteríticas ecológicas e hidrológicas dos ecossistemas úmidos?” , mas eles também apontam que “o uso sábio” do quadro promulgado pela Conveção de Ramsar parece ser uma direção teórica promissora, mas que na prática gerou poucos casos de studo. O estudo destaca a representação em escala global e regional dos ecossistemas úmidos usando ferramentas geoespaciais e múltiplos conjuntos de dados e sua relevância para o monitoramento da conservação dos ecossistemas úmidos na Índia. Especificamente, os autores abordam a tarefa de investigar a força das ferramentas espaciais para melhor entender a relação entre a distribuição das áreas úmidas e zonas de agricultura, tanto historicamente quanto no presente. Os autores argumentam que essa abordagem é fundamental para mesclar interesses na conservação das áreas úmidas com desafios para a alimentação e segurança da sobrevivência.

    Français: Dans cette pratique courante suivie par la recherche en conservation dans les nombreuses régions tropicales du monde entier, pour évaluer la valeur de l'habitat et la biodiversité, la prise en compte des paramètres socio-économiques qui tiennent compte de la dépendance des moyens de subsistance a été quelque peu limitée. Dans ce contexte, Nagabhatla et coautors valoir que l'utilisation de données géospatiales a été prouvé être un outil très utile pour suivre l'évolution de la couverture végétale sur toute la planète, que ce soit causé par l'activité humaine ou aux phénomènes naturels. Deux questions clés conceptuelles embrasser leurs recherches "Ne nous ré-étudier les activités agricoles comme une menace l'avenir de l'identité des écosystèmes des zones humides? Ou bien nous essayons d'équilibrer le potentiel de production des cultures (la productivité) du système tout en conservant les caractéristiques écologiques et hydrologiques des écosystèmes des zones humides? ", Mais ils soulignent également que l '" utilisation rationnelle "cadre promulguée par la Convention de Ramsar semble théoriques prometteuses direction, mais qu'en pratique, il a généré des études de cas très rares. Leur étude met en évidence l'échelle mondiale et la représentation échelle régionale des écosystèmes des zones humides à l'aide des outils géospatiaux et multiples ensembles de données et sa pertinence pour la surveillance de conservation des écosystèmes des zones humides de l'Inde. Plus précisément, les auteurs s'atteler à la tâche d'enquêter sur la force des outils spatiaux pour mieux comprendre la relation entre les zones humides de distribution et les zones agricoles, à la fois historiquement et à l'heure actuelle. Les auteurs font valoir que cette approche est fondamentale pour la fusion des intérêts dans les zones humides de conservation aux défis actuels de sécurité alimentaire et des moyens de subsistance.
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   Tropical Conservation Science is an open-access e-journal that publishes research relating to conservation of tropical forests and other tropical ecosystems.

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